Showing posts with label grammar - ngữ pháp. Show all posts
Showing posts with label grammar - ngữ pháp. Show all posts

Monday, July 18, 2016




Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 21 tháng 6 2016
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Thursday, March 24, 2016



Gerund after Certain Verbs


We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the to-infinitive form, for example:
  • I want to eat.

But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:
  • I dislike eating.

This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund form:
admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand

Look at these examples:
  • She is considering having a holiday.
    NOT She is considering to have a holiday.
  • Do you feel like going out?
  • I can't help falling in love with you.
  • I can't stand not seeing you.
Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the to-infinitive form without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start
  • I like to play tennis. / I like playing tennis.
  • It started to rain. / It started raining.

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Tuesday, March 15, 2016


Adjectives vs Adverbs


Definitions

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.
Examples:
That is a cute puppy.
She likes a high school senior.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

Examples:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is state-of-the-art.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how much (e.g., daily, completely).
Examples:
He speaks slowly (tells how)
He speaks very slowly (the adverb very tells how slowly)
She arrived today (tells when)
She will arrive in an hour (this adverb phrase tells when)
Let's go outside (tells where)
We looked in the basement (this adverb phrase tells where)
Bernie left to avoid trouble (this adverb phrase tells why)
Jorge works out strenuously (tells to what extent)
Jorge works out whenever possible (this adverb phrase tells to what extent)

Rule 1. Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Examples:
She thinks quick/quickly.
How does she think? Quickly.

She is a quick/quickly thinker.
Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no -ly is attached.

She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has -ly attached to it.

We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed, so -ly is added.

Rule 2. Adverbs that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached. Avoid the trap of -ly with linking verbs such as taste, smell, look, feel, which pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in such sentences, which require adjectives instead.

Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb—which requires an adjective to modify roses—so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we describing her appearance? We are describing her appearance (she appeared angry), so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes), so the -ly is added.

She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Rule 3. The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.

You did the job well.
Well answers how.

You smell good today.
Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is correct.

You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.

Rule 4. The word well can be an adjective, too. When referring to health, we often use well rather than good.

Examples:
You do not look well today.
I don't feel well, either.

Rule 5. Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal or usual form is called a positive degree adjective. There are also the comparative and superlative degrees, which are used for comparison, as in the following examples:

Positive Comparative Superlative
sweet sweeter sweetest
bad worse worst
efficient more efficient most efficient
A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form of comparison. To compare two things, always use a comparative adjective:

Example: She is the cleverer of the two women (never cleverest)

The word cleverest is what is called the superlative form of clever. Use it only when comparing three or more things:

Example: She is the cleverest of them all.

Incorrect: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like best?

Correct: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like better?

Rule 6. There are also three degrees of adverbs. In formal usage, do not drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparative form.

Incorrect: She spoke quicker than he did.

Correct: She spoke more quickly than he did.

Incorrect: Talk quieter.

Correct: Talk more quietly.

Rule 7. When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.

Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective.

This is for sale.
This is a pronoun.

Bad vs. Badly


The word bad is an adjective used to modify nouns and pronouns.
Example: She was in a bad accident.

Adverbs often end in ly. The word badly is an adverb that answers how about the verb.
Example: She was hurt badly in the accident.

The confusion comes with four of the sense verbs: taste, look, smell, and feel.
When we use these verbs actively, we should follow them with adverbs. (Hear is always used actively.)
When we use these verbs descriptively, we should follow them with adjectives.
Examples:
I feel bad about having said that.
I am not feeling with fingers in the above example; I am describing my state of mind, so the adjective is used (no ly).

She feels badly since her fingers were burned.
She feels with her fingers here so the adverb (ly form) is used.

You can use this same rule about sense verbs with adjectives and adverbs other than bad and badly.
Examples:
The mask over his face made him look suspicious to the police.
He did not look with eyes. Look describes his appearance so the adjective is needed.

She looked suspiciously at the $100 bill.
She looked with eyes so the adverb is needed.

She looked good for someone who never exercised.
She didn’t look with eyes. Good is describing her appearance so the adjective is needed.

He smelled well for someone with a cold.
He is actively smelling with his nose so the adverb is needed.

Rule: Well, although more often an adverb, functions as an adjective when referring to health.
Example: He doesn’t feel well enough today to come to work.

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Wednesday, February 10, 2016




Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 8 tháng 2 2016
Phạm Công Hiển

Tuesday, February 9, 2016




Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 8 tháng 2 2016
Phạm Công Hiển



Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 8 tháng 2 2016
Phạm Công Hiển

Monday, February 8, 2016




Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 8 tháng 2 2016
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Friday, December 5, 2014


Cách sử dụng 's cho Sở Hữu Chủ của Danh Từ Riêng


Ownership - Sở hữu chủ
  1. To indicate ownership by a proper single noun
    (Chỉ về Sở hữu chủ của danh từ số ít.)

    Ví dụ:
    - Susan owns a hat. It is Susan’s hat.
    - Barry owns a car. The car is Barry’s.
    - Agnes owns a restaurant. This would be Agnes’s restaurant.
  2. To indicate ownership by a proper plural noun
    (Chỉ về sở hữu chủ của danh từ số nhiều.)

    Ví dụ:
    - The Lin family owns that lawn mower. It is the Lins’ lawn mower.
    - The Edwards family owns a painting by Picasso. The painting is the Edwardses’.
    - Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen own a mansion together. This would be Mary-Kate and Ashley’s mansion.

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Contractions - Cách viết thâu ngắn
  1. To indicate one or more missing letters in a word
    (Chỉ định thay thế cho một hay nhiều chữ cái bị bỏ rơi trong một từ.)

    Ví dụ:
    - She is not at work today [trở thành] She isn’t at work today.
    - I’m afraid I will not be able to attend the party [trở thành] I’m afraid I won’t be able to attend the party.
    - Because she does not like malls, Jennifer is doing all her Christmas shopping online this year [thành] Because she doesn’t like malls, Jennifer’s doing all her Christmas shopping online this year.

Don’t Make These Mistakes! - Tránh các lỗi như sau!
  1. If you’re talking about something that belongs to an “it,” you do not use an apostrophe
    (Không được sử dụng dấu (') trước chữ 's' cho đại từ “it”.)

    Ví dụ:
    - That tree has pretty leaves. Its leaves are pretty.
    - We need to fix the legs on that table. We need to fix its legs.
    - My favorite store’s jewelry is all on sale. Its jewelry is on sale.

  2. In general, apostrophes do not belong in plural words.
    (Thông thường, dấu (') không nằm trong các từ chỉ về số nhiều.)
    Ví dụ:
    - I have a pile of paper’s to grade. (Sai)
    - I have a pile of papers to grade. (Đúng)

    - Do you want to use vanilla or chocolate frosting for those cupcake’s? (Sai)
    - Do you want to use vanilla or chocolate frosting for those cupcakes? (Đúng)

    - Look at those airplane’s over there! (Sai)
    - Look at those airplanes over there! (Đúng)

  3. Do not use apostrophes when creating plural acronyms and years.
    (Không được sử dụng dấu (') trong từ viết tắt và những năm chỉ về thập niên)
    Ví dụ:
    - There are three ATM’s at the bank. (Sai)
    - There are three ATMs at the bank. (Đúng)

    - The only people allowed inside are the VIP’s. (Sai)
    - The only people allowed inside are the VIPs. (Đúng)

    - My mother was born in the 1950’s. (Sai)
    - My mother was born in the 1950s. (Đúng)

Thursday, September 11, 2014

 


Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 14 tháng 2 2013
Phạm Công Hiển 

Tuesday, September 9, 2014




Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 7 tháng 9 2014
Phạm Công Hiển



Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 7 tháng 9 2014
Phạm Công Hiển

Sunday, August 31, 2014




Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 30 tháng 8 2014
Phạm Công Hiển

Tuesday, October 29, 2013




Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 8:30h ngày 29 tháng 10 2013
Phạm Công Hiển



Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 8:30h ngày 29 tháng 10 2013
Phạm Công Hiển



Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 8:30h ngày 29 tháng 10 2013
Phạm Công Hiển

Tuesday, September 3, 2013



Cách sử dụng Giới từ OF
Possession - Vật/Quyền Sở Hữu

Khi nào sử dụng of the
Cho những đồ vật, vật thể không có sự sống

Ví dụ:
1. The leg of the chair is broken.

2. The house of my father is really nice.
(Câu trên đây cho dù không sai ngữ pháp, nhưng ít ai dùng cách nói như thế.)

Khi nào sử dụng 's
Cho người, nhóm người, hội đoàn, quốc gia, vật có sự sống

Ví dụ:
1. The dog's leg is broken.

2. My father's house is really nice.
Trong các diễn tả về số lượng
1. A lot of students watch ENGVID.
2. A number of people study English.
3. Lots of animals live in the zoo.

Khi nào sử dụng OF - Chỉ định rõ về một số lượng nào đó

1. All of the students hate math.
2. Most of the restaurants expect a tip.
3. Almost all of my friends are kind.
4. A great deal of students hate exams.
5. A majority/minority of cats eat mice.
6. A couple of superheroes were seen at the mall.

Khi nào không sử dụng OF - Một cách nói chung, tổng quát

1. All students hate math.
2. Most restaurants expect a tip.
3. Almost all friends are kind.
Danh sách các từ thường sử dụng cho cách diễn tả về số lượng:
Many, much, a few, a little, both, several, some, any, one, two, three ...

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Thursday, August 1, 2013

 


Thảo luận, ý kiến hay thắc mắc
Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 9:30h ngày 14 tháng 2 2013
Phạm Công Hiển 

Monday, April 15, 2013